After all, to prosper from social prescription seems to depend almost entirely upon a person's sociability, yet, … Inadequate pay in jobs available to African American men living in urban ghettos encourages African American women, when they have children, to do so as single parents. And we're not saying these issues don't matter. Rather, they look to better schools and teachers to close achievement gaps, and consistently come up short.This report describes how social class characteristics plausibly depress achievement and suggests policies to address them. See note 17. Or if customer traffic patterns at 4 p.m. have previously predicted retail or restaurant patterns at 6 p.m., employers have the ability on short notice to send employees home, call them in, or hold them beyond the end of their scheduled shifts, without regard to previously posted schedules. See note 58. 3. Susan J. Lambert, Peter J. Fugiel, and Julia R. Henly, “Precarious Work Schedules Among Early-Career Employees in the U.S.: A National Snapshot,” Research Brief, University of Chicago, Employment Instability, Family Well-Being, and Social Policy Network, August 27, 2014. Some may have lived with mother-alone only briefly (because of divorce, separation, death of spouse, or absence of spouse, for example), so also shown are shares of children living with never-married mothers. Some children with less literate parents excel beyond the typical performance of college graduates’ children. So too are children living near Superfund toxic waste sites that have not fully been cleaned; these were disproportionately located in low-income and minority communities.100, Even very low levels of lead contribute to cognitive impairment, including reductions in IQ and verbal and reading ability, with no identifiable safe bottom threshold.101 In particular, increases in blood lead levels at the lower end of the blood-lead-level scale (less than 10 micrograms per deciliter) are associated with the strongest decreases in IQ, while quantitatively similar increases at the higher end of the blood-lead-level scale have a definite but less severe marginal impact.102, Children with blood lead levels from 5 to 9 have average IQ scores 4.9 points lower than children with levels below 5. See note 92. David L. Olds, JoAnn Robinson, Lisa Pettitt, Dennis W. Luckey, John Holmberg, Rosanna K. Ng, Kathy Isacks, Karen Sheff, and Charles R. Henderson Jr., “Effects of Home Visits by Paraprofessionals and by Nurses: Age 4 Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Trial,” Pediatrics 114, no. 46. Also necessary is ensuring that available jobs have compensation levels adequate to support families. 124. M. Meredith Phillips, “Parenting, Time Use, and Disparities in Academic Outcomes,” in Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, eds., Whither Opportunity? Ameliorating single parenthood’s negative outcomes requires reforms discussed above: home-visiting programs like the NFP, high-quality early childhood care and education, and high-quality after-school and summer programs for children whose home lives are unstable and resource-starved. Social Media Disadvantages: #1. Unfortunately, sometimes friends use their phones so much that it is difficult to have an actual conversation with them. Ever since I got a smartphone I have been distracted from everything. 56–57). Everything is Public. + Shows attainment of more highly educated parent. Patrick Sharkey, for example, has shown that the quality of the neighborhood where a child’s mother was raised has a bigger influence on the child’s achievement than the quality of neighborhood where the child was raised.9 Overlooking differences like these leads to reports that black children underperform seemingly similar white children who are actually more advantaged. Environmental lead peaked in about 1970 at 1.4 tons. Waldfogel, Craigie, and Brooks-Gunn, 2010. Sarah Zhang, “Is There Lead in Your House?” Mother Jones, January/February 2013. Mothers with non-standard schedules must make last-minute child care arrangements with friends or relatives; many cannot enroll children in high-quality centers that require predictable drop-off and pick-up times. Elliot B. Weininger and Annette Lareau, “Paradoxical Pathways: An Ethnographic Extension of Kohn’s Findings on Class and Childrearing,” Journal of Marriage and Family 71, no. 7 (2005): 894. 3 (2007): e650–e658. hadn’t been invented. Catherine Ayoub,, Erin O’Connor, Gabrielle Rappolt-Schlictmann, Claire Vallotton, Helen Raikes, and Rachel Chazan-Cohen, “Cognitive Skill Performance Among Young Children Living in Poverty: Risk, Change, and the Promotive Effects of Early Head Start,” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 24, no. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Tested and Confirmed Elevated Blood Lead Levels by State, Year, and Blood Lead Level Group for Children <72 Months,” 2014. Amato, 2005. Also, anyone can post a video. Researchers suggest that helping children and teens learn to manage social networking is paramount to their healthy development. But clearly, the disadvantages of social networking go much deeper than privacy and safety. Almost all societies in this world have social issues. White parents consistently reported greater frequency than black parents. See note 99. 115. The federal tax code’s child care subsidy is inadequate and its availability insufficient to enable low-wage single mothers to afford high-quality child care. : Westat, 1995. David C. Ribar, “Why Marriage Matters for Child Well-Being,” The Future of Children (2015, forthcoming). In 2000, approximately 4 percent of children tested for lead had very dangerous levels of 10 micrograms or higher, but by 2013 less than 1 percent had levels that high.89, Previously, a major source was exhaust from automobiles, aircraft fumes, and industrial emissions.90 In 1973, the Clean Air Act required phase-out of leaded gasoline. Six-year-olds from affluent families have spent 1,300 more hours in indoor and outdoor recreation, churches, businesses, and other non-school, non-home, and non-caretaker settings than children from low-income families. Wen-Jui Han and Daniel P. Miller, “Parental Work Schedules and Adolescent Depression,” Health Sociology Review 18, no. Despite having such unique advantages, social media is considered to be one of the most harmful elements of society. Table 12 reports results of a CDC survey measuring lead-in-blood levels of children from 1 to 5 years of age. 60. We are especially grateful to Emma Garcia, an economist at the Economic Policy Institute, who developed survey data from ECLS-K: 2011 and from ATUS, and guided us through the methodologies so we could judge their relative reliabilities. Social Change & Development. 4 (November 2004): 671–96. Differences in treatable illnesses may contribute to differences in performance even when children are present in school. After 1970, environmental lead steadily plummeted. Only 11 states explicitly assure reimbursement to such clinics for Medicaid-eligible children who are enrolled in managed care organizations. The most important and common part of technology in our life is mobile phone technology. Magnuson and Duncan, 2014. Disadvantage may have both immediate social, economic and cultural determinants, and deeper underlying causes. 1 (May 2000): 1–22, at 2. 3 (2009): 740. * Does not include children in households where no parent lives. About half of the decline in lead-in-blood levels in this period was probably attributable to banning leaded gasoline. EPA/600/R-10/075F, June 2013 (lxxviii, 1–8). This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. But it was written by a Seattle-area tenth grader as part of an assignment to answer the question, “How has online social networking influenced your relationships with friends and family?”, This student goes on to write, “The teenage way of life has completely changed from what it was only twenty years ago. The Advantages of Technology Internet and Mobile Technology Has Improved Home- and Work-Life. Beginning with the 1986 child cohort, teen pregnancy and young adult violent crime declined rapidly; by 2009, teen pregnancy was less than 30 per 1,000 teenagers (less than half its earlier peak), and violent crimes were only 4.5 per 1,000 Americans (about 60 percent of its earlier peak). 7 (July 2011): 3–16. The company followed its credo, a set of ethical organizational values, and the result was a boost in consumer confidence, despite the contamination scare. 15. 56. Each issue of the journal focuses on a single topic. See note 38. In addition, most people don’t trust news from social networking sites–only 5% of U.S. adults have a lot of trust in this information. Employers in the retail and service sectors now have computer technology that predicts customer and supplier traffic levels.58 This technology, in combination with a weakening of the implicit contract governing relationship norms between employers and employees, has encouraged supervisors to create “just in time” work schedules, in which workers can be called to work or sent home on short notice, based on predictions of customer demand or supply delivery times.59 If a delivery truck’s arrival time is expedited or delayed, workers may be called in on short notice to unload it, without regard to these workers’ previously established schedules. Children from the lowest quintile have adult arrest rates 15 percentage points higher and high school completion rates 31 points lower than highest-quintile children.23, Parents who are more involved in their children’s educations by volunteering outside the classroom, helping their children with homework, and checking their children’s homework have children with fewer behavioral problems in the classroom.24, The availability of children’s books and whether mothers read aloud, share meals with their children, use non-harsh discipline, expect their children to help keep their homes clean, are affectionate with their children, and encourage children to contribute to conversation all predict better social skills and fewer teacher-reported behavioral problems.25, Parents with more education have greater educational expectations and can convey enjoyment of learning. If children’s diets are too low in calcium, substitution of lead becomes more likely. The time they spend scrolling through their social media accounts could have been used to complete their tasks and responsibilities ahead of time instead. 5 (February 3, 2014): 27–29. White parents are only two-thirds as likely to be assigned non-daytime shifts as minority parents. Single-parent families move more, partly because mothers may form new relationships that entail moving in with new partners.54 The adverse consequences of moving are especially severe for boys because moving often results in reduced (or loss of) contact with fathers.55, Family instability also predicts poor outcomes for children who may not form healthy child-parent relationships with their mothers’ subsequent partners. About 1970 at 1.4 tons relationships and mental health economic circumstances of various family structures with single mothers essays for. There is a real addiction today 2, 2005 2014, the disabled and the destitute on parenting.... 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