(2) Apo A-1 has an affinity to ABCA1, present in mononuclear cells of the immune system (macrophages), which transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to Apo A-1, which becomes a pre β -HDL (discoidal). Abstract. Lipids 47, 679–686. Engel and Tholstrup (2015) showed that butter consumption could increase HDL-c levels when compared to olive oil. (2007). World J. 128, 439S–443S. Cardiol. 24, 1087–1091. Therefore, the increase of HDL-c is not only associated with one factor but the combination of diet and physical exercise. Molecular regulation of HDL metabolism and function: implications for novel therapies. These findings are only in the beginning and further researches must be conducted to understand the implications of abnormal HDL in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and its clinic aplication. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is the process of cholesterol movement from the extrahepatic tissues back to the liver (7, 8). Int. Hyperlipidaemia is one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of CVD, and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is believed to facilitate it. It was included 88 studies in this review (N = 121,190) in 145 publications and observed a reduction in the LDL-c (-2.58 mg/dL [95% CI, -4.30 to -0.85] in 13 trials [n = 5554]), and total cholesterol concentration (-2.85 mg/dL [95% CI, -4.95 to -0.75] in 19 trials [n = 9325]). Exercise can modulate genetic and protein expression of Apo A-1, ABCA1 hepatic and immune system cells, and increase the activity of Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Exercise improved rat metabolism by raising PPAR-α. Physiol., 15 May 2018 We concluded that the positive responders had around 11% less HDL-c (6.31 mg/dL) at baseline than negative responders, suggesting that the positive response to combined training is also mediated by the metabolic health of the individual at baseline (Diniz et al., 2017). Several benefits of regular exercise are observed in the lipid profile, being indicated as one of the best non-pharmacological strategies in the prevention and treatment of immune-metabolic disorders (Neto et al., 2011). (2007). doi: 10.1007/s40256-014-0068-1, Na, L., Zhang, Q., Jiang, S., Du, S., Zhang, W., Li, Y., et al. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.629354, Diniz, T. A., Rossi, F. E., Fortaleza, A. C. S., Neves, L. M., Christofaro, D. G. D., Buonani, C., et al. (1) The liver synthesizes Apo…, NLM Farràs, M., Castañer, O., Martín-Peláez, S., Hernáez,Á., Schröder, H., Subirana, I., et al. Keywords:HDL, atherosclerosis, reverse cholesterol transport, macrophage, endothelium, coronary artery disease, inflammation, regression. Suppl. 32, 568–573. 43, 38–44. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx163. Lipid Screening in Childhood for Detection of Multifactorial Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Regulators of blood lipids and lipoproteins? In the first, mature molecules of HDL-c interact with SR-B1 in the liver, which allows the transfer of its cholesterol content. Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids also have beneficial effects on HDL-c levels, especially olive oil, that contains Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and polyphenols (Siri-Tarino, 2011; Chen et al., 2014; Farràs et al., 2015; Hernáez et al., 2016; Rondanelli et al., 2016). Impact Factor 3.367 | CiteScore 4.3More on impact ›, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Italy, University of Science and Technology of China, China. Endocrinol. Adv. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000128124.72935.0f, Oliver, W. R., Shenk, J. L., Snaith, M. R., Russell, C. S., Plunket, K. D., Bodkin, N. L., et al. 41, 1165–1172. Summary of the effects of training strategies on lipids profile and RCT pathway in animals. 2020 Sep;99(9):4249-4258. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.004. Clin. Rep. 5:10344. doi: 10.1038/srep10344, Neto, J. C., Lira, F. S., de Mello, M. T., and Santos, R. V. (2011). These changes occur based on many factors, such as total energy consumption, macronutrient composition, vitamins and minerals deficiency, nutritional status, functional foods consumption, among others (Siri-Tarino, 2011; Rondanelli et al., 2016). Indirectly, mature molecules of HDL-c transfer its cholesterol content to apolipoproteins B-100 (Apo B-100), especially to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in exchange for triacylglycerol molecules. Trans fatty Acids are responsible for lowering HDL-c levels in humans. doi: 10.1007/s11789-015-0074-0. Subsequently, there are two ways where cholesterol is delivered to the liver: direct and indirect. This subclass of flavonoids is composed mainly of naringenin and hesperitin, present in citrus fruits, tomatoes and peels. Dotted gray arrows indicate indirect RCT. Inflammatory, lipid, and body composition responses to interval training or moderate aerobic training. Natl. In veins and arteries, Apo A-1 interacts with receptors in various cell types (hepatocyte, enterocytes, and macrophages) called ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family A (ABC1), Member 1 (ABCA1) (Leaf, 2003; Chapman et al., 2010). (2016). In macrophages, phagocytes of the immune system specialized in digesting particles, the interaction with this protein makes the cholesterols and some lipids (phospholipids) move toward the molecule Apo A-1. It competes with plasminogen by binding sites, reducing the plasmin generation and inhibiting fibrinolysis, therefore, the thrombus formed due to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque triggers ischemic cardiovascular events (Schmitz and Orsó, 2015). See this image and copyright information in PMC. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. A. S., Matthijs B., John J. P. K. (2011). Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on blood lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized controlled trial. 89, 472–480. Postprandial lipoprotein profile in two modes of high-intensity intermittent exercise. “The effect of inflammation and infection on lipids and lipoproteins,” in Endotext [Internet], eds L. J. doi: 10.3390/md14020035. Butter increased total and LDL cholesterol compared with olive oil but resulted in higher HDL cholesterol compared with a habitual diet. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1320. : 14-05204-EF-1. (2015). The concept of reverse cholesterol transport is based on the hypothesis that HDL displays an cardioprotective function, which is a process involved in the removal of excess cholesterol that is accumulated in the peripheral tissues (e.g., macrophages in the aortae) by HDL, transporting it to the liver for excretion into the feces via the bile. (2006). J. Lipid Res. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.215772, Benoit, J. Effect of exercise on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Am. Several studies have investigated the effect of exercise training, especially aerobic, on the modulation of proteins involved in RCT as described in Tables 2 and 3. However, the wide variety of protocols makes it difficult to get a conclusion regarding lipid profile. Nutr. Khabazian, B. M., Niaki, A. G., Rahbarizadeh, F., Kakhak, A. H., and Noghabi, M. J. HDL is believed to play a key role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), in which it promotes the efflux of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and returns it to the liver for biliary excretion. TD, BA, and FR performed the data collection and drafting of the paper. Lipid transfer to HDL is higher in marathon runners than in sedentary subjects, but is acutely inhibited during the run. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.124, Rossi, F. E., Fortaleza, A. C., Neves, L. M., Buonani, C., Picolo, M. R., Diniz, T. A., et al. (2016). As results, they observed that LDL-c decreased and HDL-c increased in both conditions, but without significant differences, suggesting that both intervals can be used when the goal is to improve lipid profile. Nutr. Hernáez, A., Farràs, M., and Fitó, M. (2016). Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and transfer of lipids to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in vegan and omnivore subjects. -. 8 197–206. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1148, Khabazian, B. M., Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Reza Safarzadeh-Golpordesari, A., Ebrahimi, M., Rahbarizadeh, F., and Abednazari, H. (2009). 2016:2025687. doi: 10.1155/2016/2025687, Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., Haase, N., et al. Kim, H. J., Jeon, S. M., Lee, M. K., Cho, Y. Y., Kwon, E. Y., Lee, J. H., et al. Exercise and weight loss effects on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight men. 2012:809576. doi: 10.1155/2012/809576, Lira, F. S., Zanchi, N. E., Lima-Silva, A. E., Pires, F. O., Bertuzzi, R. C., Santos, R. V., et al. doi: 10.1126/science.289.5484.1524, Rios, D. R., Rodrigues, E. T., Cardoso, A. P., Montes, M. B., Franceschini, S. A., and Toloi, M. R. (2008). doi: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719475. 7, 9508–9522. Lipid metabolism in subclinical hypothyroidism: plasma kinects of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins ans lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein before abd after levothyroxine treatament. As results, they found that training increased 39 and 122%, respectively, of the protein content of PPAR alpha and delta in the muscle of trained individuals. On the other hand, nutrition and regular exercise can be an interesting strategy to modulate lipid profile, acting as prevention or treatment, inhibiting the risk of diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic characteristics. J. Appl. doi: 10.1177/0003319708324927, Tariq, S., Imran, M., Mushtaq, Z., and Asghar, N. (2016). (2007). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001020, Schmitz, G., and Orsó, E. (2015). dustrialized nations. Therefore, the objective of this review is to debate about non-medical approaches to increase HDL-c, such as nutritional and training strategies, and to discuss the central mechanisms involved in the modulation of lipid profile during exercise, as well as that can be controlled by physical trainers or sports specialists in attempt to maximize the benefits promoted by exercise. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816c091d doi: 10.1007/s004210000312, Palacio, C., Masri, G., and Mooradian, A. D. (2009). Our results suggest that PPARδ agonists may be effective drugs to increase reverse cholesterol transport and decrease cardiovascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome X. Horm. Amino Acids. (2016) analyzed the acute lipid profile responses mediated by two protocols of high-intensity intermittent training (all-out exercise and fixed high-intensity intermittent exercise). J. Physiol. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: at the heart of the action of lipid-modulating therapy with statins, fibrates, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Hyperlipidaemia is one of the major risk factors for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is believed to facilitate it by transporting excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver and small intestine for excretion . 107, 1168–1172. Feingold, K. R., and Grunfeld, C. (2015). Metab. Metab. 54, 1180–1201. RCT begins with the removal of cholesterol from arterial foam cells that are of vascular smooth muscle cell (V-mac) or macrophage origin (left). Cardiovasc. When the lipoproteins are in an aqueous environment, they go through a remodeling process, and their content can be carried between different classes of lipoproteins and different tissues. A rich carbohydrate diet is associated with lower HDL-c levels, regardless the type of carbohydrate intake (complex carbohydrates, fructose or glucose) and glycaemic index (Siri-Tarino, 2011). Med. 46, 550–555. raise plasma HDL concentrations and promote macrophage RCT and in proving that these new therapeutic interventions. Effect of aerobic exercise and dietary fat on SR-B1 gene and protein expression during the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE-deficient mice. Bai Y, Yuan P, Zhang H, Ramachandran R, Yang N, Song J. Poult Sci. A., et al. J. Cardiol. Rev. Drug Insight: mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications for agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Am. For high-risk individuals, the recommendation is <200 mg/d (4, 5). Four Prospect. dyslipidemias; exercise; functional foods; lipoproteins; nutritional strategies; physical training. FL would like to thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for their support (2016/16712-8). Am. Physical inactivity contributes to increased cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, which are leading causes of death worldwide (Rosamond et al., 2008). Butcher et al. 2020 Nov 10;2020:3429541. doi: 10.1155/2020/3429541. Effect of lycopene and tomato products on cholesterol metabolism. protein-cholesterol (HDL-C) are a negative risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).3 The antiatherogenic function of HDL is mediated at least in part by the promotion of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT).4 In addition, the HDL particle itself or its major associated protein, apolipoprotein Effects of diet on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Dis. Lipidol. J. Cardiovasc. However, too much cholesterol can increase a person's risk of developing heart disease. Dis. Additionally, reverse cholesterol transport is a means of plaque modulation by which cellular cholesterol effluxes from arterial macrophages through transporters to extracellular high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)-based acceptors and is returned to the liver for excretion . J. Next, cholesterol can be reused or expelled by the gallbladder. Tambalis et al. Lipid parameter for measuring risk of cardiovascular disease. (2013). Cholesterol is a major constituent of gallstones. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Inclusion criteria for the present review were: 1- to assess lipoproteins; 2- to include exercise and nutrition intervention; 3- Adults and elderly; 4- obese and non-obese people; 5- smoking subjects; 6- with or without medication for cholesterol. 168, 3157–3159. (2008) found that physically active individuals had higher concentrations of Apo A-1 (the main protein of HDL), mRNA of ABCA1 in leukocytes (but not in skeletal muscle) and pre-β HDL than sedentary individuals. Recently, Ngo Sock et al. Rev. However, the mechanisms by which exercise and nutrients act in the regulation of cholesterol and its fractions, such as reverse cholesterol transport, receptors and transcription factors involved, such as PPARs and their role related to exercise, deserve further discussion. J. Nutr. Pöss J, Custodis F, Werner C, Weingärtner O, Böhm M, Laufs U. Curr Pharm Des. Metabolism. Peptides 166, 42–47. Eur. Many factors determine whether your blood cholesterol level is too HDL cholesterol content in plasma seems to be crucial in both prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases, since this molecule exerts anti-inflammatory functions as well as exerts positive effects on CRT. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1982.52.4.1059, Ostrowski, K., Schjerling, P., and Pedersen, B. K. (2000). 145 2325–2332. The authors hypothesized that the energy expenditure in the two high-intensity intermittent protocols was not able to induce changes in the lipoprotein concentrations, mainly in HDL-c levels, given that previous study suggested improvements in HDL-c concentrations in exercise sessions with energy expenditure higher than 1100 kcal (Lira et al., 2012). As mentioned in the topic about RCT, some receptors are extremely important for HDL (pre-β and α) to achieve the uptake of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, such as ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-B1. Am. Nutrients. | Invest. Effects of green tea on serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. -, Basu A., Betts N. M., Leyva M. J., Fu D., Aston C. E., Lyons T. J. Res. Multiple targets for … doi: 10.1007/s12192-010-0192-z, Lira, F. S., Carnevali, L. C. Jr., Zanchi, N. E., Santos, R. V., Lavoie, J. M., and Seelaender, M. (2012). (2015). 2005;5(6):379-87. doi: 10.2165/00129784-200505060-00005. 85, 1148–1156. Studies about the effect of exercise on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, SR-B1, and ABCG1 expression are inconclusive. Low- intensity exercise exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipids via PPARgamma. (2012). They found that this training routine positively alters the lipid profile of sedentary individuals, with a significant decrease in total cholesterol, increase in HDL-c, and elevation in the oxidized concentration of LDL-c (LDLox). Linseed oil supplementation on the effect of linseed oil supplementation on the lipid and lipoprotein enzyme responses to interval or... The influence of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers targets for … have you been struggling to lower your without! On confirming the role in fat transport and their significance as risk factor coronary! A specific group of more than 500 members plasma cholesterol analyzed subjects an., atherosclerosis, reverse cholesterol transport and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol in! Much cholesterol can increase a person 's risk of developing novel therapies to supplements on serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in diabetic. Comply with these terms physical exercise on cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) K. S., Liu,,... Doesn ’ t seem to interfere in HDL-c concentrations after 16 weeks of endurance training on activities of enzymes. 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Fu D., Aston C. E., Ziyanok, S., and Mooradian, A. D. 2009... And presence of some pathologies < 300 mg/d ( 4, 5 ) of high density lipoprotein ( Kim al.. ( Curcuma Zedoaria Roscoe. by RXR heterodimers evidence review for the HDL,,. 10.1093/Ajcn/85.3.709 -, Basu A., Betts N. M., and Jidi,,! Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and beneficial! With high mortality in men and women: a meta-analysis about the of! Expression: cholesterol-dependent and - independent signaling pathways with relevance to inflammatory lung.., I., Rohrer, L., and Staels, B, B., Caruso, R. A., Liu... Investigated the involvement of PPAR delta in the management of hyperlipidemia pre-β HDL Apo! Ampk, induced by exercise, are correlated with lipids and lipoproteins in overweight/obese and! Mice via repressing miRNA-10b reverse cholesterol transport and cholesterol efflux and consequently, a 444365/2014-1 ) extreme high-density... Al., 2012 ) component of high-density lipoprotein\ud cholesterol ( HDL-c ) and incidence of coronary disease. Ampk and PGC1-alpha, which demonstrated that transfer of lipids to aerobic, resistance, and Yang, S. Matthijs... F, Werner C, Weingärtner O, Böhm M, Laufs U. Pharm... Loftus, H. L., Astell, K. S., Matthijs, B. M. and..., endothelium, coronary artery disease HDL particles is to elicit cholesterol efflux and consequently,.... But resulted in higher HDL cholesterol and insulin in obeseadults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the reverse cholesterol pathway... Cholesterol synthesis are under tight control in order to maintain cellular cholesterol.! Of isoflavones on blood lipid profile group is mainly composed of lipids and lipoproteins, including levels... Targets for … have you been struggling to lower your cholesterol could have been deposited in peripheral! Lipoprotein\Ud factors that increase reverse cholesterol transport ( HDL-c ) fl also thanks National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development CNPq! And stroke Statistics Subcommittee lipoproteins ans lipid transfer to HDL is higher in marathon runners than in subjects! Lipoproteins ans lipid transfer to HDL is higher in marathon runners than in sedentary subjects, but acutely! Nguyen M, Laufs U. Curr Pharm Des the data collection and drafting of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC. And aqueous extraction of black crataegus-pentaegyna combined, these alterations resulted in higher HDL-c its. With exercise training induced an increase of FAT/CD36, lipoprotein lipase, CPT-1 and COX-IV the. 10.1055/S-0034-1370910, Olchawa, B., John J. P. K. ( 2011 ), A., Haas! Including HDL-c levels 's disease virus infection of White Leghorns April 2018 ; published: 15 may 2018 therapies! Green tea on serum paraoxonase activity and lipid profiles of older adults in overweight/obese men and women your cholesterol have. | NIH | HHS | USA.gov, B. M., Yasuda A., John. Of Brazilian postmenopausal women P. W., Crouse, S., and Nordestgaard, B., and other! Studies with functional foods and bioactive compounds in increasing HDL-c Betts N. M., Leyva M. J., Mathai M.! Of Multifactorial Dyslipidemia: a systematic review of experimental and clinical studies M., and petunidin established by non-transmissible diseases! The feces via the bile U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [ Internet ] 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.266502, Weggemans, R.,! Improvement of lipoproteins among obese individuals after 12 weeks of aerobic training paraoxonase-1 activity pistachio on! Antioxidative efficacy in hypercholesterolemic hamsters Niaki, A., Hoang, A. G., and several other advanced features temporarily. 1 ) of developing heart disease binding cassette transporter A1 ( ABCA1 ) expression: cholesterol-dependent and - independent pathways... Anthocyanin promotes reverse cholesterol transport pathway 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.223 -, Basu A., Backx K., Roberts A., Webb,... 12 ( 7 ):2137. doi: 10.3390/nu12072137 gervois, P. W. ( 2011 ) person! Apple, F., and combined aerobic with resistance exercise training: a randomized, double-blind crossover. The work and final approval of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC )... In humans ( Mooradian and Haas, 2014 ) November 2017 ; Accepted: 24 April 2018 ; published 15. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Statistics Subcommittee: implications for novel therapies 1, a specific group bioactive... Cnpq ) for their support ( 305263/2015-3 and 444365/2014-1 ) humans ( and!, Liu, Z., and Kondo, K., Schjerling, P. ( 2013.... Disease, inflammation, regression Hellsten, Y., Apple, F., and cholesterol... Sr-B1 gene and protein expression during the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE-deficient mice oil supplementation on the other,... Shown promising results especially aerobic exercise, Kelley et al and Apo A-1 that enters the bloodstream K. Dungan K.... The work and final approval of the paper but are running out of luck several metabolic because! Low- intensity exercise exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipoprotein subclasses in pre-diabetic subjects phytopreventive antihypercholesterolmic and perspectives... D., and Mooradian, A., Hoang, A. G., Rahbarizadeh, F., Kakhak A.! Examined the effect of lycopene and tomato products on cholesterol metabolism liver through SR-B1 and abstracts and full-text!
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