The quality of their life is poor and needs urgent sustainable development particularly in the aspect of crop production. The understanding of basic soil science is important for many different reasons on the farm. Soil Science. Those who understand these microbes, however, clearly see their involvement in crop rotation, integrat ed pest management, fertilizer management strategies, biological control, and soil conservation (Lynch, 1990). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: Vol. The most affected countries of the region include; Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan and Togo. Similarly, the soil conservation and management in developing countries (FAO., 1985), Soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas (FAO., 1987), land husbandry: components and strategy (Roose, 1996) and world reference base for soil resources 2014 (FAO., 2015) are resources information provided by soil science and can be used for many economic developments. The soil scientists understood that soil is part of earth crust where mineral particles are formed as a result of physical, chemical and biological processes. And, it is believed that if this can be achieved scientifically, traditionally, politically and socially, there is a strong backing that soil science will emerge number one contributor in agricultural transformation systems for sustainable economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sustain. these crops are exported from Sub-Saharan Africa to many regions in the world for economic development. Soils science is essential to understanding the conditions that affect and support life on Earth: 23, Soil Testing and Plant Analysis in … Sustainable agricultural practices are intended to protect the environment, expand the Earth’s natural resource base, and maintain and improve soil fertility. (2012). Thus, soil provides a source of energy and functional support for economic development in crop production systems. A bicultural of legume and non-legume can be used with the objective to provide both benefits together [26] . The role of soil testing and plant analysis in sustainable agriculture. All cash and economic crops such as cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, edible and non-edible oils, rice, wheat, maize etc., are grown on soil. However, the most important roles of soil science as an answer to the subject matter are discussed in the last session. Sustainable agricultural practices are intended to protect the environment, expand the Earth’s natural resource base, and maintain and improve soil fertility. E-mail: tnogeire@gmail.com. In recent years the importance of sustainable agriculture has risen to become one of the most important issues in agriculture. This function of soil is of utmost important to all Sub-Saharan African countries. Clearly, the role of science in agricultural sustainability is only as influential as our education and workforce structures permit. The analysis provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that agricultural intensification negatively impacts on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functions. It is understood that proper managements of soil-crop relationship could improve soil organic matter, enhance soil quality and soil fertility, sustain and restore water quality and soil biodiversity and potentially reserve the natural identity of soil productivity and soil health for an increase crop production (Simonson, 1991; Doran et al., 1994; Ditzler and Tugel, 2002; Carter et al., 2004). Reactor and transformer of natural resources: Soil integrates the influence of solar radiation, atmosphere, ground and underground water, biological and ecological resources (Varallyay, 2010). However, the wider benefits of soil biodiversity have been largely ignored by traditional and conventional agriculture in Africa. Hence, the objective of this paper is to summarize the role of cover crops to improve the agricultural soil conditions for sustainable agriculture. However, the wider benefits of soil biodiversity have been largely ignored by traditional and conventional agriculture in Africa. World Agroforestry (ICRAF) is a centre of science and development excellence that harnesses the benefits of trees for people and the environment. The biota (micro and macro-organisms) depends fully on soil for their basic needs and survival: air, water, food and shelter (Coleman, 2001; Barrios, 2007). Mundra Department of Agronomy, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan -313 001, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T complex set of biological, chemical and physical … Soil stored water and nutrients in order to make them available for proper growth and development of crops, grazing land, forest and vegetations. In addition, plant diseases continue to play a major limiting role in agricultural production. In addition, plant diseases continue to play a major limiting role in agricultural production. This paper discusses the role of soil science in East Africa dating back to the beginning of this century up to the present day. Soil science provides reliable and adequate information for economic development through these studies. The summary of diverse opinions presented by some members of the International Union of Soil Science (IUSS) is outline below (Hartemink, 2006a): The above broad sets of opinions could be remarkable in addressing many issues related to sustainability and renewability of crop production for economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways, which means meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. The role of soil biodiversity in integrated pest management (IPM), maintenance of soil fertility and rehabilitation of degraded land is demonstrated. 3. Soils are essential to life on Earth. However, it is regretted that little attention has been given to most of these resources information in the region for economic development. Sustainable development, innovation and the role of science in food production were the themes of a seminar hosted by the U.S. Sustainability Alliance (USSA) in Warsaw on December 6. Abstract. Under agricultural crop production, soil-water functions according to its nature and conditions. The concept of "scientific agriculture" dates to publications by Liebig in 1840 and Johnston in 1842, which speculated about the role of chemistry in agriculture (Pesek, 1993). They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-products into food edible for humans. Beneficial soil microbes (BSMs) are identified as suitable candidates that may help in the sustainable management of the environment. It also plays a larger role in the health of a watershed or regional eco-system by combating erosion or nutrient pollution in our streams and rivers. The soil is the best natural resource available to us. 1 Department of Animal Science, University of ... 10.2527/1996.7461406x Abstract Ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role in sustainable agricultural systems. The results focus on farmers becoming sustainable soil managers and the role of science in this transition. Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. Starting in the 1960 to date, some major developments in soil science were noted (Mermut and Eswaran, 2001), although ideas and challenges on the future of its science are expanding more dynamically than ever. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-products into food edible for humans. Agriculture that covered all components of agronomic productions depends fully on soil and its quality (Brady and Weil, 2007). Permaculture. Review: Role of herbivores in sustainable agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa - Volume 12 Supplement - A. This does not only mean to increase food production but also to minimize hunger, poverty and social crises. Most of the agricultural researches are carried out on soils. Recycling of dead materials: Soil serve as natural mechanism that recycle and transform abundant of materials in the global ecosystem. Similarly, it will not serve as a means to alleviate rural poverty and hunger or even ready to feed the growing population for economic development by 2025 as stressed in FAO (1995) report. Soil and land are bare, vegetation is poor while drought, soil erosion, desertification and declined in soil quality, soil fertility and crop production are serious and alarming (Eswaran et al., 2001). Over decades of science and practice, several key sustainable farming practices have emerged—for example: Rotating crops and embracing diversity. Soils Support Agriculture MARCH 2015 Importance of Soil to Agriculture Agriculture is one of the most important components of our society. This lack of communication is a limitation to the consideration of soil science in the context of its role as an answer to sustainable economic development in the region (DESA., 2013). This water is useful for an ideal growth of plant roots, animals and microorganisms. Since 1994, when the first edition of this Special Reference Brief was compiled, \"sustainability\" has become a more familiar term. The topsoil which is desirable for the growth of plants is eroded because of human activities like making of homes, roads, buildings and city expansions. Maintaining good soil quality is crucial for the sustainability of agriculture. ... soil. Source of rural livelihood: Soil remains the most important source of income to millions of rural farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Soils are the most important economic environment that we have for ensuring foods, raw materials, industrial developments and sustainable livelihoods of millions Sub-Saharan African people. One of the imperative ways to achieve this is by supporting soil-crop researches for reliable, detectable, accurate and quantitative soil information. Generally, soil covers many important areas of economic developments: Lands, forest, water bodies, roads, buildings, industries and education. A review Christos Dordas To cite this version: Christos Dordas. Recognition of the role of soil biodiversity in agricultural and educational policies and adoption of multi-sectoral approaches could improve its sustainable management in Africa. This may support the ideas and notion of soil scientists in respect to the subject entitle the future of soil science. Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. To meet the demand, agriculture practices are using intensive amounts of chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides, which ultimately leads to land degradation and biodiversity loss. Vital roles of soil science for an economic development: Soil and soil functional services are backbone of agricultural economic development in Sub-Saharan, Africa ( Kalpage, 1976; Okigbo, 1991; Hartemink, 2006a). It provides suitable conditions for root germination and growth. Approximately 60-75% of rural people in Sub-Saharan Africa depend greatly on crop production (UNCCD., 2011). Dr. Rattan Lal, renowned soil scientist and this year’s World Food Prize Laureate, has pioneered groundbreaking research in soil carbon sequestration. Microorganism plays very important role in agriculture because the soil microbes (bacteria and fungi) are essential for decomposing organic matter and recycling old plant material. Essentially, soil plays a key role in the entire crop production systems (Zachar, 1982). Store house of water supply: Soil store large amount of water between and within the network of pores of various sizes as well as within and around the various horizons of soil profile. Cultivation and tillage play an important role in agriculture. They tell us whether the soil has the potential to store enough water to keep plants growing through a drought, to resist a flood, and to provide a right condition of chemical nutrients to plant so that the crops will grow healthy for economic development (Levine, 2001). A review. Dev. Soil biodiversity constitutes an important part of the terrestrial food web and plays a major role in sustainable agriculture. Therefore, application of soil science resources information into vast environmental resources available would help to increase crop production, forest management, water quality, animal production and poverty reduction. Soils having micro-pores hold water very tightly whereas those soils having larger pores (macro) hold their water loosely (Johnson, 1991). Kate Scow is Professor of Soil Science and Microbial Ecology in the Department of Land, Air and Water Resources and Director of the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility that hosts the Century Experiment. As a result, these plants produce important needs … He is considered one of the founding and premier scientists in the world in sustainable and organic agricultural research, as evidenced by his more than 200 scientific publications, some of which have been published in Science, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Scientific American, and other land-use and soil science journals. Their cultural background differs with significant variation in languages, religion, norms, values and behaviors. Habitat for soil biota and their biodiversity: Soil is the home of millions organisms. This would undoubtedly help to increase food security and proper energy transformation for the millions rural people living in Sub-Saharan Africa. The water quality, land quality, forest quality, animal and environmental qualities are factors, which must be maintained for better livelihoods of Sub-Saharan citizens (Lal, 1998). Based on a multi-pronged goal, sustainable agriculture seeks to: Increase profitable farm income The climate has been characterized as semi-arid with an average rainfall equaling 600 mm (more or less) and variations of up to 30 or 40% (FAO., 1995). All our food needs good soil to grow in. Without it we wouldn´t be able to grow plants, which are used as food for both humans and animals. The Sub-Saharan African export trades depend largely on crops that grown on soils: Cowpea, coco, tobacco, tea, rice, wheat, maize, cotton etc. In Sub-Saharan Africa (for example), Rushemuka et al. In this natural science lab, students examine different soil profiles along a hillside. This paper assesses the role of citizen science relating to agricultural practices and covers citizen science literature on agriculture and farmers’ participation during the period 2007–2019. Agricultural soil science studies the chemical, physical, biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate to agriculture. Soil science provides support to crop production, raw materials to million industries, water quality for biota, animal and human survival, recycling of abundant dead materials, landscaping for engineering and research purposes, foreign exchange for national income and accommodation for animal and human interactions. 1. Economic environment for crop production: Soil served as a potential environment for growth and development of all kinds of crops and plants. There are many views and contributions on the theme. In Rwanda, Rushemuka et al. Many countries depend greatly on these resources for the growth and development of their economy. Sustainable agriculture is knowledge intensive, and so farmers must know about life cycles of pests and disease organisms and their recognition, biological controls, ecological principles, soil life processes, nutrient cycles. This work synthesizes the current state of knowledge and highlights the unique challenges to management of soil biodiversity in African agriculture. Its economic impact has affected many regional developments as it touched the national and international financial budgeting (Warren et al., 2001; Bationo et al., 2006). Soil science as an independent sub-discipline of science and technology of crop production has played and continuous to plays a vital roles in Sub-Saharan African economic developments (Muchena and Kiome, 1995). Leveraging the world’s largest repository of agroforestry science and information, we develop knowledge practices, from farmers’ fields to the global sphere, to ensure food security and environmental sustainability...read more, Transforming lives and landscapes with trees, © 2020 World Agroforestry All rights reserved. . Generally, there are many contradictions regarding the links between sustainability, soil environment and economic development (DFID., 2000). It is the pedosphere environment, where, four entities (Brady and Weil, 2007): Atmosphere (world of air, gases), hydrosphere (world of water-oceans and seas), lithosphere (world of rocks and mountains) and biosphere (world of living organisms) interact and communicate for the benefits of global ecosystem, crop production and human developments. Sustainable agriculture practices. The paper focuses on conservation agriculture (CA), defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till, NT) and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations, as a more sustainable cultivation system for the future. The role of science in sustainable agriculture Boru Douthwaite, Impact and Adoption Specialist, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (), Ibadan, NigeriaThe 2000-2001 World Resources Report found that environmental damage, much of it to agricultural land, could have devastating implications for human development and the welfare of all species. Sustainable agriculture has arisen in response to the main issues of the current agricultural system, such as top soil depletion (Montgomery, 2007), groundwater contamination (Horrigan et al., 2002), deforestation, and the loss of habitat and biodiversity (Tilman et al., 2002). Soil fertility. Previously, considerable researches have the same views, which indicate how soil science is a major player in world economic development (Greenland, 1991; Sanchez, 2002; Frossard, 2006; Bouma, 2014). The geographical location of these countries is depicted in Fig. Soil science: Role, challenges and gaps in future: There have been several developments in the past decades regarding the role and challenges of soil science in future (Hartemink, 2006b). The value of soil must be recognized and considered in all aspects of global economic developments. It also improves the nutritional quality of crops by increasing sugar, oil and protein compounds. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: Vol. Environmental laboratory: Soil is an environmental laboratory for research and developments. Figure 2 provides an improve understanding of the common relationship between soil science, crop production, sustainability and economic development. In this blog post I would like to focus a little bit more on the technical side of soil and explain some of its chemical and physical properties. Besides, it would also provide an opportunity for export and trade communication within and outside Africa, reduce poverty and hunger and creates many jobs opening for the growing population. Role of Soil Organic Matter in Maintaining Sustainability of Cropping Systems. While agriculture has historically been a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, Dr. Lal demonstrated the critical role of soil in ensuring a climate-resilient future. Soils are a multifaceted and dynamic natural resource that support plant growth and affect water and air quality. Sustainability of crop production for economic development can only be achieved if the soil and soil resources are conserve and manage, properly. Scientists have found that in-depth research is needed to unravel the complex nature of soils as well as their impact on Earth’s ecosystems. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services.There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture. Permaculture is a design system that applies principles that are found in nature to … Sub-Saharan Africa: The concerned region is a substantial part of Africa where millions of people live in the rural areas, geographically, located South of the Saharan desert. This makes biofertilizers a powerful tool for sustainable agriculture and a sustainable environment. The goal of achieving a sustainable planet, one that will accommodate the basic needs of its present inhabitants while preserving the resources that will enable future generations to flourish, has gained increasing acceptance. Nevertheless, it is the aims of the World Economic (WE) and Social Survey (SS), 2013 to make sure that any contribution towards the considerations on sustainable development focus on three important issues, which are: sustainable cities, food security and energy transformation (DESA., 2013). Crop production depends fully on quality of soil and its fertility (Lal, 1998). Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2008, 28 (1), pp.33-46. Soil accommodates diverse living organisms: Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast and algae; earthworms, termites and arthropods; protozoa and nematodes (Ritz et al., 2010). Home for animal interactions: Soil provides numerous important services to animals living in forests, deserts and vegetation areas. We thank the European Geosciences Union for supporting the session on Soil Management for Sustainable Agro-Food Systems at the General Assembly in April 2011, all the reviewers for their timely reports and constructive comments, and the staff of Editorial Office of Applied and Environmental Soil Science for their assistance throughout this project. Sustainable Agriculture. It is therefore stressed that the time has come for the Sub-Saharan African countries to integrate ideas to improve and manage soils for permanent economic development, sustainably. Hunger and poverty have become endemic (Eswaran et al., 1997; Ehui and Pender, 2005). Understanding about topsoil formation and conservation is then related to sustainable agriculture and carbon sequestration and its importance in mitigating climate change. The soil science discipline can become more effective in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bouma, 2014). Biofertilizers play a major role in sustainable agriculture. 2063-2113. In October 2014, the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) requested its High Level Panel of Experts for Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) to prepare a report on sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition, including the role of livestock, to be … There is also some uncertainty regarding the extent to which Hence, the role of soil and its applied science is of utmost important for sustainable crop production and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The role of soil microorganisms in sustainable agriculture has been over looked largely in most conceptual discussions. Therefore, the rational of soil science for the sustainable crop production would undoubtedly provide huge opportunities to Sub-Saharan Africans economic developments (Greenland, 1991; Bouma, 2001; Bekunda, 2006). Soil texture (relative proportion of sand, silt and clay), soil structure (arrangement of aggregate particles in soil), soil colour (an indicator of soil status), soil consistency (degree of cohesion and adhesion among soil particles) and soil water (available water and moisture in soil) are important soil physical properties, which support plant growth and development for many economic benefits (Brady and Weil, 2007). Importance of Soils Managing the land according to sustainable agricultural practices is vital to counteracting the erosion and nutrient loss that can harm or destroy soil’s quality and effectiveness. The wildlife living in different areas of Sub-Saharan Africa stayed well-protected around the vast land of the region. (1992). 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