effects of cyclone on human life

Many people are left homeless, and without jobs to support themselves and family. Vest JR, Valadez AM. Most articles provided some information about the distribution of deaths across population subgroups or an individual’s location at the time of the event; with one exception, all articles reported on hurricane impact in the United States. Post-hurricane surveillance of patient-specific data on injury and morbidity in greater New Orleans Injury rates were highest among middle age adults (30-39 yrs) and were concentrated geographically in three parishes. N Not reported Charley, 2004 The overall impact of cyclones on human populations is summarized in Table 2. A cyclone is a low pressure area; where low pressure inside and high pressure outside the cyclone. Regional impact of Hurricane Isabel on emergency departments in coastal southeastern Virginia. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) identified 29 developing nations and four developed nations that are at risk for cyclones 67 but 42% and 27% of cyclone deaths in the past two centuries have occurred in Bangladesh and India, respectively 68. 0.67 (.14-1.26) 484 Das S and Vincent J. Mangrove protected villages and reduced death toll during Indian super cyclone. Biology Question Bank – 47 MCQs on “Reproduction & Embryonic Development” – Answered! Available at: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=tropical-cyclone1. Lacerations, wounds, contusions, blunt trauma, animal/insect bites, and motor vehicle injuries were among the most frequent types of injuries reported. ER Depts, Mississippi There were 965 cyclones with reported fatalities. Louisiana Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Included abstracts were coded for event type, timeframe, region, subject of focus, and vulnerable population focus. Mean A historical database of significant cyclones from 1980 to mid-2009 was created from publicly available data. An increase in inflicted and non-inflicted traumatic brain injury was observed among young child in the 6 months following the storm. When aggregated, 54% of US hurricane deaths were classified as direct deaths and 43% as indirect deaths. China, 2006 19 Describes effectiveness of post-hurricane surveillance activities in three counties of Mississippi North Carolina Hurricane-related emergency department visits in an inland area: an area of the public health impact of Hurricane Hugo in North Carolina. 0 The levels of intensity of these storms range from tropical depression (winds <17 meters per second), to tropical storm (winds 18-32 m/s), and cyclone (>33 m/s) 4. To assess risk factors for cyclone-related mortality the following categories were used: none (0 deaths), low (1-9 deaths), medium (10-99 deaths) and high (≥100 deaths). Brunkard, 200858 Coastal businesses like shipyards and oil wells are destroyed. Human Consequence For cyclones where mortality was reported, there was a median of 14 deaths per event (mean = 430, 5% trimmed mean= 41, range 1-138,849) when using the highest reported death toll. Katrina, 2005 MMWR, 199219 Injuries to the elbows/wrist/hand/finger (rate = 38.9; 95% CI = 28.3-52.2), face/trunk/shoulder/upper arm (rate = 31.8; 95% CI = 22.3-44.1), and leg/foot/toe (rate =151.2; 95% CI = 129.4-175.7). x NR 1-138,866 Useful Notes on the Process of Chromosome Replication. 633 2011; 5:23-28. Bern, 199221 They cause a lot of harm to towns and villages, causing severe damage to kuccha houses. The mortality estimate presented in this study is consistent with recent estimates in other studies 67, but the numbers injured and displaced are likely gross underestimates given the low frequency with which these figures are reported. Significantly more wound injuries to the lower extremities (rate = 13.7; 95% CI = 11.6-16) and upper limbs (rate = 6.5; 95% CI =5.1-8.2). Injury and illness among Burmese patients presenting for care following Cyclone Nargis Bangladesh Cyclone, 1991 Even though they have a short life on the Earth, they do have the tendency to wreak havoc as they move across a settlement… leaving it in a total mess. The storms have caused significant destruction and loss of human life, resulting in about 2 million deaths since the 19th century. x NR Disasters. MMWR, 200439 Homeless, all events 2 16 Acad Emerg Med. 41.6 (7.7) Reporting by Source and Average Outcomes per Cyclone, 1980-2009 The public health consequences of disasters. 6 motor vehicle crashes, 3 head/ neck injuries, 1 trauma, 1 heart attack, 7 in power outages Types of Damaging Effects of Typhoons. Bangladesh, 1991 J Public Health Manag Pract. 3 falls, 3 fire, 3 vehicle accidents, 3 electrocutions, 2 plane crash, 2 trauma, 1 lightening strike, 1 asphyxia, 1 clean-up Deaths related to Hurricane Andrew in Florida and Louisiana, 1992. Hurricane Katrina, 2005 hemisphere, tropical cyclones are originated in the North Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific shores, and their period goes from June to November with a peak in September. Findings. Total Affected, all events Reported by EM-DAT Hurricane Katrina, 2005 1.79 (0.41-7.84) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996 45(4):81-5. MMWR, 200649 Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, tropical cyclones are one of the most dangerous natural hazards for human life and economic activities. Observational cohort, ER patients Brunkard, 200858 Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Hurricanes and Hospital Emergency-Room Visits -- Mississippi, Rhode Island, Connecticut. 7 motor vehicle accidents, 4 falling objects, 3 fires, 1 CO poisoning, 1 fall. 466,098,192 NR The events in the EM-DAT database include one or more of the following criteria: 10 or more people killed or injured; 100 people affected; declaration of a state of emergency; or a call for international assistance. Improvements in forecasting, and early warning systems and in evacuation and shelter procedures, particularly in developed countries, have reduced storm-surge related mortality and increased proportional morbidity and mortality in the post-impact period 16,19,69. x Medical examiner/corner reports of deaths associated with Hurricane Hugo—South Carolina. Brewer, 199424 Shen, 200962 Hurricane Hugo, 1989 Publication The after effects of Cyclone Fani, which destroyed the district and the forest in the region, are now impacting his daily life. 9* 43 (25.0%) Content Guidelines 2. 2006;12(1)97-102. Hurricane Andrew, 1992 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(36):835-7. J La State Med Soc 2008;160(5):267-72. CDC Surveillence data Epidemiologic Reviews. 22 Monitoring of illness, injury and death related to the hurricane and subsequent flooding 2: Tropical cyclone reporting frequency, 1980 -2009 (n=1080), Fig. 12 cause unreported, 3 CO poisoning, 1 electrocution Assesses cause of death and factors associated with mortality in Puerto Rico. 13.9% Among articles meeting inclusion criteria for full review (n=56), 34 reported mortality data including 16 that provided information on direct or indirect causes of death (Table 5) and 10 that reported sex-specific mortality counts or risk (Table 6) 11–66,80. 6 drownings Brodie, 200645 Key words included for impact on humans were affected, damage(d), injury, injuries, injured, displaced, displacement, refugees, homeless, wounded, wound(s), death(s), mortality, casualty, casualties, killed, died, fatality, fatalities and had to be used in either the title, abstract or as a subject heading/key word. Between Sept 5-11, there 4,391 visits for injuries, including 1,324 (30%) for tetanus vaccination with no further injury description. Tropical Storm Allison, 2001 World’s Largest Collection of Essays! Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Hendrickson, 199732 Cases of major trauma decreased by 50% and minor trauma increased by 57% in the 5 day post-landfall period. 0 GIS based post-disaster assessment Assesses causes of death and factors associated with mortality in South Carolina. 51 Assesses mortality factors from deaths related to Hurricane Hugo. x iii. 0 Cyclone Fani, one of the strongest storms to hit the Indian subcontinent in decades, made landfall near Puri, India, at 8am on Friday 3 May, with winds gusting at more than 190kmh. Deaths associated with Hurricanes Marilyn and Opal—United States, September-October, 1995. 0.025 0 Depending on their location and strength, tropical cyclones are referred to as hurricanes (western Atlantic/eastern Pacific), typhoons (western Pacific), and cyclones (southern Pacific/Indian Ocean) 1. 14% of visits were relief workers, 34% were residents, and 52% were unknown; relief workers were 5.8 (CI:5.0-6.8) times more like to be treated in nonhospital facilities than residents. 13 4 56 97.10% 2 Pie graph of American tropical cyclone casualties by cause from 1970–1999 The effects of tropical cyclones include heavy rain, strong wind, large storm surges near landfall, and tornadoes. Norris F, Sherrieb K, and Galea S. Prevalence and consequences of disaster related illness and injury from hurricane Ike. Gagnon, 200540 14 Decade NR Am J Epidemiol. Facility, ER and outpatient In Gregg MB (ed) The Public Health Consequences of Disasters. *direct deaths were assumed to have occurred during the event; **trauma includes blunt and penetrating trauma, crush injuries, and deaths from falling objects/debris; ***excluded from mortality totals to avoid double counting of deaths report in other sources Publication A total of 948 events were retained from EM-DAT and 331 from the NHC. Articles were excluded if they met one or more of the following criteria: language other than English; editorial or opinion letter without research; not related to human populations; individual case report/study; focus on responders; and not related to human or environmental vulnerabilities or impacts of hazards. 19 Define “severe”. MMWR, 198613 Gagnon EB, Aboutanos MB, Mathora AK et al. 36 Andrew, 1992 577 wounds (28%), 428 insect stings (21%) 279 sprains (12%), 241 contusions (12%), 177 fractures (8%), and 131 other injuries (6%), and 78 unknown (4%). 2004;26(3):189-93. NR 13 Indirect Deaths Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 592,830 Post Significantly more wound injuries to the lower extremities (rate = 13.7; 95% CI = 11.6-16) and upper limbs (rate = 6.5; 95% CI =5.1-8.2). Hurricane Isabel, 2003 Smith SK, McCarty C. Demographic effects of natural disasters: a case study of Hurricane Andrew. Lee LE, Fonseca V, Brett KM, et al. 2-29,622,000. There are three types of effects of natural disasters, the primary effect, secondary effects, and tertiary effects. 20 57 (33.1%) Florida Medical Examiner and Dept. NR i. Cut/pierce/stab (20%), fall (20%), struck by/against/ crushed (11%), bite/sting (9%), and motor-vehicle crash (8%). MMWR, 198513 NR Most common injuries were lower extremity fractures (21%), abrasions/sprains (16%) and rib fractures (12%). Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Over the years, a lot of earthquakes had happened all over the world and led to a devastating effect … Kim, 201065 Additionally, some countries did not exist or have merged with other nations since the 1980s and many of the smaller island countries in the Caribbean are territories of European countries which necessitated the use of GDP, GINI, and development levels which may not be representative of realities in the cyclone affected area and/or time period. 412,644 Surveillance for illness and injury after hurricane Katrina--New Orleans, Louisiana, September 8-25, 2005. 56 (36.1%) Hurricane Mitch, 1998 Cyclone's centre often known as an eye, which is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure. NR See http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/natural_disasters/_Historical_Event_Review_Overview.html for the database of tropical cyclone events. The three population based surveys estimated injury rates between 3.8 and 4.5% 37,62,66. GDP per capita, mean (SD) With the green shelter belt gone, the houses in the area where he resides have been, in the last two months, getting warmer. 873 15 Inconsistent reporting suggests this is an underestimate, particularly in terms of the injured and affected populations. Injury (n=27) Event and Reporting Information Information on 2007-2009 GDP and 2009 GINI index were used for analysis regardless of the event year, but these values may have been different for events in the 1980s. In particular, improvements in forecasting, early warning systems, evacuation and shelter procedures, and public education on safety precautions and post-impact hazards could reduce cyclone-related morbidity and mortality in future decades. x NR MMWR, 199648 Facility, ER visits Waring S, Zakos-Feliberti A, Wood R, et al. 0 Other principal limitations of the literature review are 1) that an in-depth quality analysis of all reviewed articles was not undertaken, and 2) the fact that only English language publications were included which likely contributed to incomplete coverage of studies published in other languages originating from low and middle income countries. Only three articles presented injury data on storms outside the United States 11,62,65, reflecting the paucity of information from less developed countries and a need for additional research in cyclone injury epidemiology in these regions. During A summary of the final 58 abstracted articles is presented in Table 1. 88% if hurricane diagnoses were injury related. Review of injury frequency before and after the hurricane Philen, 199018 Population based survey ER Depts and Coroner’s, Louisiana Int J Hyg Environ Health. NR 198 (51.7%) 1-138,866 No significant relationship between GINI index and mortality risk was observed whereas GDP was inversely associated with risk of high mortality events. Reflecting on these disasters and our response mechanisms leaves a lot to be desired for a society that must value human life. Not reported 34 Hurricane Katrina, 2005 99 (25.8%) McNabb, 199525 When assessed by mortality category, the highest per capita GDP occurred in the no deaths category while the lowest was observed in the ≥100 death category (p<.001), suggesting that the cyclone mortality risk is concentrated in lower income countries. x While minimal data on cyclone-related injuries and mortality is available from less developed settings, it can be presumed that developing nations also bear the burden of cyclone-attributable injury where the frequency and severity of injuries are inversely related to degree of physical protection 69. Telephone survey Cyclone Tracy, 1974 Ecological 10298 Hurricane Katrina 2005 1.93 (0.92-4.27) By Cause Shen, 200962 MMWR, 200439 The impact from cyclones extends over a wide area, with strong winds and heavy rains. UNDP. Das, 200961 Male 76% (162/213) of deceased were male. The distribution of the affected population was highly skewed: when reported on average 592,830 people affected per storm, but the calculated median was only 20,000 per event. NR Chowdhury M, Choudhury Y, Bhuiya A, et al. 25-5,432,375 Guill CK, Shandera WX. Hurricane Katrina, 2005 MMWR, 200651 Among direct deaths, drowning was the most common cause of death, accounting for 59% of direct deaths followed by trauma, which accounted for 39% of direct deaths. NR p-value 8 NR It causes harm to human, plant and animal life. 35 (22.6%) 5 x 1990. Storm The low-lying village of Popua is particularly vulnerable to the wind and storm surges. 0 NR Hurricane Andrew, 1992 NR x National Weather Service: National Hurricane Center. 801 (74.2%) Evaluation of the health effects of the cyclone and tidal wave in Bangladesh. Characteristic ≥100 deaths vs. no deaths Hurricane Katrina, 2005 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(40):1018-21. This is one of five reviews on the human impact of natural disasters, the others being volcanoes, floods, tsunamis, and earthquakes. x 1975;57(5):274-5. 0.597 A man stands next to the wreckage a vehicles washed away on March 18, 2019 in Chimanimani, eastern Zimbabwe, after the area was hit by the cyclone Idai. Florida and Louisiana x Assessment of carbon monoxide poisonings reported to Florida Poison Control. 1996;41(3):449-52. NR NR However, the greatest damage to life and property is not from the wind, but from secondary events such as storm surges, flooding, landslides and tornadoes. J Glob Environ Eng. 36 NR United Nations Development Programme. The mean GDP per capita was $13,191 (SD 17,709, range 1433-99,383) and the mean Gini index score 10, which is a measure of equality, was 41.3 (SD 7.3, range 24.9-64.3). 73% (40/55) of deaths were among males. 1-138,849 Evaluation of the health effects of the cyclone and tidal wave in Bangladesh. the death toll for that one was about 3,500 lives lost.” Amphan was a stronger storm than Sidr but lost a lot of its strength before making landfall. 11 Cumulative Impact of Tropical Cyclones, 1980-2009 High mortality events, with death tolls in excess of 1000, occur in less than 2% of events and more than two-thirds of all cyclone deaths between 1980 and 2009 occurred in two events (Cyclone Gorky, Bangladesh 1991 and Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar 2008). 7 Assesses mortality factors from deaths related to Hurricane Hugo. 71 cut/stabbed (55%), 41 blunt trauma (32%) 13 falls (10%), 3 crushed (2%) and 1 drowning (<1%). x Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Not reported 1996;144(2):188-91. NR Human vulnerability to cyclones will increase in future years due to population growth, urbanization, increased coastal settlement, poverty, and changing weather patterns which is associated with an increase in the number of high intensity cyclones. Even mitigated, hurricanes often cause damages inland, through floods and landslides, sometimes hundreds of kilometres from the ocean. Even a high tide can flow in to the village flooding homes and latrines. Hurricane Ike,Texas, 2008 NR 0 Mortality associated with Hurricane Katrina--Florida and Alabama, August-October 2005. 127 Lacerations (22%), abrasion or contusion (20%), sprain (14%) and fractures (12%). 816 Studies that reported sex-specific mortality in the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone observed a higher mortality rates among females (71/1000) compared to males (15/1000) 20,21,22. The Life Cycle of Midlatitude Cyclones The polar front jet stream and Rossby waves directly influence the life cycle, development, and trajectory that a midlatitude cyclone goes through. 7. x x Injury risk increased for all age and sex groups; open wounds and foreign objects injuries had the greatest increase post-storm. Diacon D. Typhoon resistant housing in the Philippines: the Core Shelter Project. Persons in flooded homes were 4.8 (CI:1.9-12.8) times more likely to be injured than those living in non-flooded homes. Facility, ER visits 6 TOS4. McNabb SJ, Kelso KY, Wilson SA, et al. 340 (31.56%) Total Deaths The Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (the Forum) commiserates with all those who were affected by the disastrous effects of Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, Madagascar, Zimbabwe, and Malawi. Medical examiner/corner reports of deaths associated with Hurricane Hugo—Puerto Rico. NR To estimate the total number of injuries, it was presumed that injuries occurred in events with reported deaths. NR 1678 sprains/strains (43%), 1026 other fractures (27%), 980 lacerations (25%), and 186 hip fractures (5%) ii. NR Relative risk ratios for mid-level mortality events were significantly lower in the European/Eastern Mediterranean, Americas, and Southeast Asia regions as compared to the Western Pacific. 17 30 x Reported causes of death and injury in more developed countries during the post-impact phase include blunt trauma, vehicle accidents, carbon monoxide poisoning, burns and fires, electrocution, and chain-saw injuries. Bangladesh -27.30% 10-99 deaths vs. no deaths Smith, 200543 x Displacement (n=6) Additionally, the majority of high-fatality storms occurred in the latter half of the 20th century though no developed nation sustained more than 1000 deaths from a cyclone in this time period67,69. Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Gender most at risk NR Typhoon Saomei, China, 2006 67 Published by Experts. Mortality surveillance: 2004 to 2005 Florida hurricane-related deaths. Hugo, 1989 Characterizes factors associated with cyclone-related mortality and identifies prevention strategies 23 Puerto Rico, Florida, N Carolina, Alabama, Georgia x Facility, ER and outpatient 45 23 (8.2%) Mozambique requires urgent life-saving relief to deal with the destructive aftermath of Cyclone Kenneth, an aid organisation has said. NR The primary cause of cyclone-related mortality is drowning; in developed countries male gender was associated with increased mortality risk, whereas females experienced higher mortality in less developed countries. 0 Morbidity of Hurricane Elena. Not reported Cyclones are large organized storms with well-defined cores that begin over tropical or subtropical waters, often as a result of monsoon troughs and easterly waves 2. Dilley M, Chen R, Deichmann U et al. ≥100 deaths (n = 155) x Mahajani, 197511 15 Am J Public Health. CDC Surveillance data on mortality in hurricane Ike, 2 motor vehicle accidents, 1 electrocution, Medical Examiners and Coroners, S Carolina, Puerto Rico and S Carolina Medical Examiners & MMWRs, 2 vehicle accidents, 1 intracranial hemorrhage, 1 motor vehicle accident, 7 no cause reported, Medical examiners and coroners, Florida and Louisiana, 3 falls, 3 fire, 3 vehicle accidents, 3 electrocutions, 2 plane crash, 2 trauma, 1 lightening strike, 1 asphyxia, 1 clean-up, 8 blunt trauma, 4 asphyxiation, 2 drownings, 1 decapitation, 2 individuals could not be reached by EMS, Medical Examiners and Coroner’s, US Virgin Islands & Puerto Rico, 9 blunt trauma, 8 drownings, 1 head trauma. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(39):996-8. 20,160,878 Hendrickson LA, Vogt RL, Goebert D, et al. In the Eastern Pacific basin the season begins two weeks early on May 15th. Facility, ER and outpatient Glossary of NHC Terms. Florida Medical Examiners Comm. Siddique AK and Eusof A. Cyclone deaths in Bangladesh, May 1985: who was at risk. MMWR, 200439 In: Hossain H, Dodge CP, Abed FH, eds. MMWR, 199630 2 drownings Remote sensing techniques should be used to forecast cyclones appropriately. MMWR, 200034 24 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Mar 10;55(9):231-4. Comparison of pre- and post- Katrina mortality rates and causes x MMWR, 200034 American Meteorological Society: Glossary of Meteorology. MMWR, 198917 1984; 13(5):334-8. When examined by sex, an increased mortality risk among men was observed in the eight of the ten studies that reported deaths by sex; males accounted for 59.4% of US hurricane deaths reported (Table 6). 0.203 Between Sept 12-Oct 11 (after active surveillance) there were 5,907 visits for injuries including 497 (8%) major and 5,410 (92%) minor injuries. Increased number of CO poisonings and hydrocarbon fuel exposures were observed in the post-storm periods. Brunkard J, Namulanda M, and Ratard R. Hurricane Katrina Deaths, Louisiana, 2005. 5% of patients had trauma/injuries of which 29% were directly related to the cyclone. Fax: 410-614-1419. By decade, 42,5% (n=459) of events occurred in the 2000s, 29.6% (n=320) in the 1990s, and 27.9% (n=301) in the 1980s. 12 MMWR, 200034 Centers for Disease Control. Any objects that have not been tied down will get sent flying most likely never to be found again. 73% (38/52) of the deceased were male. 0.382 20,000 Monetary damages were reported by EM-DAT in 15.4% of events and evacuation was reported by NHC in only 2.3% events so these outcomes were not assessed because of insufficient reporting. 5,000 Nonfatal injuries following Hurricane Katrina—New Orleans, Louisiana, 2005. 0.437 RRR (95% CI) 582 Cases of major trauma decreased by 50% and minor trauma increased by 57% in the 5 day post-landfall period. 234 Table 3. Darwin and cyclone Tracy. MMWR, 200648 0.073 Shen J, Feng Z, Zeng G et al. Table 4: Multinomial logistic regression results for mortality in tropical cyclones* Tropical cyclones, also known as typhoons and hurricanes, have caused an estimated 1.33 million deaths since the beginning of the 20th century and affected more than 629 million people in this timeframe. Describes carbon monoxide incidents and risk factors, Describes effectiveness of post-hurricane surveillance activities in three counties of Mississippi, Post-hurricane surveillance of patient-specific data on injury and morbidity in greater New Orleans, Rapid assessment of clinical care needs, public health services, and housing assistance for San Antonio evacuees, Documents hurricane-related causes of injury using an active surveillance system, Describes the prevalence of acute signs and symptoms, chronic conditions, and risk factors those in shelters, Examine post-Katrina rates and predictors of PTSD symptoms in New Orleans residents, Needs assessment of the Katrina-displaced population arriving in Denver, Epidemiologic review for risk factors for mortality in Hurricane Katrina, Review of Hurricane Katrina deaths and risk factors in Louisiana, Comparison of pre- and post- Katrina mortality rates and causes, Mortality surveillance for eight Florida hurricanes occurring in 2004 and 2005, Mangrove ecosystems and mortality reduction in cyclones, Risk factors for injury during Typhoon Saomei, Injury and displacement among older adults following Hurricane Katrina, Child mortality following Hurricane Katrina, Injury and illness among Burmese patients presenting for care following Cyclone Nargis, Prevalence of disaster related illness and injury related to Hurricane Ike. 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( 17 ):369-72 title screening was performed to identify relevant articles published through October.... Of five reviews on the detection of recent historical trends in tropical regularly!, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico lee LE, Fonseca V, Brett,... R. Post-Katrina mortality in Puerto Rico, 1989 assesses mortality factors in deaths reported by examiners! Florida and Louisiana coroners, 107 heart disease, 46 other illnesses, 185 Katrina! That tropical cyclone 's path a high tide can flow in to the left of the articles... Retained if either or both reviewers established that inclusion criteria and definitions were not ideal which difficulties! Destructive aftermath of cyclone Idai and its effects – the Zimbabwean develop me: Tapiwa.. Supply and soil erosion and speed of winds is one of five reviews on the human of!

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