From a quantitative point of view, the damage is caused by larvae of second and especially third stages, by the removal of the significant proportion of the pulp which as a consequence results in reduction in the yield of olives. It is a phytophagous species, whose larvae feed on the fruit of olive trees, hence the common name. This deterioration in quality is evident in significantly flawed oils obtained from olives harvested from the ground or stored for several days before pressing. Olive fruit fly larva Adult female olive fruit fly Fly deposits egg in olive Olive fly pupa inside fruit flies and to maggots in the fruit. It therefore pays for pest management programs in the area, while not offering excellent results if done at enterprise level, especially on limited foundations. It is considered the most damaging pest of olives in southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East and United States of America. It has impacted olive production since biblical times. The larvicidal treatment is carried out according to the criteria of the scheduled pest management, pest management and integrated pest management. This technique has been a successful management strategy for many destructive pests, like the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), which can cause widespread damage due to its oviposition behavior and relatively broad host range. This method also involves chemical attractants like those used in the spray method, but traps the adult females for removal (Varikou et al. The olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) is a species of fruit fly, which belongs to the subfamily Dacinae. The length is 4–5 mm. 2003, Weems 1966) (Figure 1). [12][13] The Ecotrap is triggered by using a form of double attraction: the pheromone of the olive fruit fly and the ammonium bicarbonate, with biocidal action carried out by deltamethrin. [11] Since the late 1990s, traps are commercially available on an industrial scale (Ecotrap) for the mass trapping of the olive fruit fly. The olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) is a species of fruit fly, which belongs to the subfamily Dacinae. The three larval stages can be distinguished in different ways by their cephalopharyngeal structures. Temperature has an important role on the viability and rhythms of reproduction. As with the egg, the larva will not be visible until the fruit is cut open (Figure 1). Scheduled pest management usually occurs with periodic preventive treatments from the period when the larvae appear during an average infestation (from midsummer in areas with higher incidence or in September in areas with lower incidence). The larva is Caecilian and has a conical-cylindrical, narrow front. Females receive sensory stimuli to denote the degree of receptivity of the olive, a phenomenon that allows them to choose the olive; before oviposition, the female first "analyses" the size, colour and odour and, it seems, the presence of certain bacterial species. The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera:Tephritidae), is an important pest to be very aware of if you grow olives (Olea europaea). The egg is around 0.7 to 1.2 mm long, elongated, and slightly flattened in its stomach, with a small, white microfleece nodule, which is important for the respiration of the embryo. Among the organic insecticide literature, rotenone is also mentioned, but the use of this active ingredient, not readily available, must be authorized by established competent bodies after demonstrating the need for it. 2015). Olive fruit fly has two generations each year, one in spring and another in late summer. It is considered a serious pest in the cultivation of olives. At maturity, the adult breaks the exuvia and emerges from the pupa. The humeral callus and areas mesopleurali, metapleurali, and mesoscutello are ivory. The different shapes of the frontal stigmas allow determination of the larvae of the second and third stages, while the larva at its first stage is metapneustic, equipped with one pair of posterior stigmas. Eggs are about 0.74 mm long and 0.21 mm wide (Genc 2014). Chemical treatment to be made only upon exceeding the, Preventive treatment with poisoned protein baits, Preventive treatments and repellents with copper-based products (Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride), Removal of entire production to prevent outbreaks of infestation in the spring. To be reliable, the system first requires a suitable response in the trial, because the intervention thresholds vary depending on the type of trap and the environment. [7] Overall, these measures should not be interpreted as solution methods, including on the basis of the information on the cases, as it is still limited. The frontal stigmas have 9–10 lobes. pmid:22420271 24. The flies, however, can travel to seek out cooler areas where water is available. The impact of its attacks tends to worsen in the more humid and cooler growing areas, with significant variations depending on the variety grown, where it affects olive cultivars and areas that have hot summers and less drought. Control of the olive fruit fly using genetics-enhanced sterile insect technique. (2006). What is the definition of olive fruit fly? Nardi F, Carapelli A, Dallai R, Roderick GK, Frati F. 2005. Auxiliaries antagonised by the olive fruit fly, Biological and integrated pest management control, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDelrioLentini2003 (, "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Olive Fruit Fly on Olive", "Olive fruit fly populations measured in Central and Southern California", "Controllo di Bactrocera oleae mediante l'impiego di prodotti a base di rame e presentazione di altri possibili metodi innovativi di lotta", "Necrologia - Giuseppe Maria Giovene - Arciprete della Cattedrale Chiesa di Molfetta", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olive_fruit_fly&oldid=995302290, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Conditions of moderate heat, with temperatures not exceeding 32-34 °C. Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae(Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) The Situation: Olive fruit fly is the major insect pest of olive crops worldwide. Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the major pest of commercial olives worldwide. 2014). The females lay their eggs in the summer when the olive is at least 7–8 mm in diameter. The olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Gmelin) is the main insect parasite of the olive throughout Italy and especially in coastal zones. The females utilise a “stinger” to deposit eggs on the surface of the fruit, subsequent damage can result in fruit drop and direct destruction of fruits due to secondary infection. The olive fruit fly is a serious pest of olives in California. The oil obtained from infected olives has a high acidity level (expressed as oleic acid, from 2% to 10% depending on the percentage of the infestation) and a lower shelf life as it has a higher peroxide value. The traps are strewn with a sticky entomological plastic substance. The preventive treatments are carried out by spraying the olive grove with poisoned protein baits. Population structure and colonization history of the olive fly, Perri E, Iannotta N, Muzzalupo I, Rizzuti B, Russo A, Caravita MA, Pellegrino M, Parise A, Tucci P. 2007. During larval development, two changes occur, which in turn increase the size of the larva. The main problem is they are not always effective. flaviventris Guercio, 1900 The female olive fruit fly has been reported to lay as many as 500 eggs in her lifetime of less than six months (Rice 2000). The adult olive fruit fly is rarely seen. [1], In the final years of the 18th century, Italian scientist Giuseppe Maria Giovene (1753–1837), in his work Avviso per la distruzione dei vermi che attaccano la polpa delle olive (1792), provided some suggestions for the peasants, to effectively destroy the fly musca oleae, which infested the pulp of the olive trees.[2][3]. The adult male has a hardened wing at the top of the anal cell, which is longer than the female's. Adults are glycogenic and feed primarily on honeydew. Molecular interactions between the olive and the fruit fly. The female deposits eggs inside developing olives, using her serrated ovipositor to make a cut in the olive skin. It can now be found throughout the state. Braconid species shown to parasitize olive fruit fly include Psyttalia lounsburyi, Psyttalia concolor, Psyttalia ponerophaga, Utetes africanus, and Bracon celer, with parasitoid abundance and efficacy varying over different geographic locations. J Econ Entomol 105: 186–195. The shape is typical of tephritid fruit fly eggs – elongated and somewhat curved. They maintain this appearance until hatch time, when the first instar larva is visible through the chorion (the membrane surrounding the egg) (Genc 2014). Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), was first detected in west Los Angeles in 1998 and was later found throughout California ().Genetic studies of the California population revealed an Eastern Mediterranean origin (Nardi et al. Definition of olive fruit fly : a small acalyptrate trypetid fly of the genus Dacus (D. oleae) having a larva that is a pest of the olive in Europe Ecology of the olive fruit fly and its parasitoids in wild olives in Southern Africa. Around the third change, larvae at their third stage move toward the surface and prepare the exit hole for the adult, gnawing at the flesh to leave a thin surface layer. The olive fruit fly (B. oleae), for example, feeds on only one plant: the wild or commercially cultivated olive, Olea europaea. Yokoyama VY, Miller GT, Stewart-Leslie J, Rice RE, Phillips PA. 2006. What is the meaning of olive fruit fly? Knowing these parameters, together with the monitoring of the population, is needed to implement effective pest management programs. Their density depends on the type and how the trap is used. The development cycle is closely linked to environmental conditions, in particular the climate and the state of the olives. As of 2015, it has not been reported as established in Georgia or Florida. The intervention threshold for adulticide treatments are quite low (two or three adults per trap per week). Integrated pest management is a more effective option, as it uses the measures of nature by weathering (high summer temperatures) and natural enemies. Common beneficial insects like ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) and lacewings (Chrysopidae) are ineffective in controlling the olive fruit fly because these insects prey upon the immature stages of pests, which, in this case, are sequestered within developing olives (Nardi et al. If fly The ovipositor is clearly visible, partly invaginated in the seventh urite, which is always black. Photograph by Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Destroy the fruit on the ground by mulching or disking. Olive Fruit Fly Paul Vossen, Lucia G. Varela, and Alexandra Devarenne Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean region where there are records of infestations in fruit from the third century The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera, Tephritidae) first was recorded in California in October 1998 when a single female fly was captured in west Los Angeles. Sterile insect releases have many benefits; this method is species-specific, environmentally sound, and relatively speedy. Olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the key-pests of olive tree worldwide, with special importance in the Mediterranean Basin. The downside to the scheduled treatment is the risk of carrying out unnecessary treatments. The bite has a characteristic triangular shape due to an optical effect. ©Kiki Varikou-2014 Larval feeding tunnel Bactrocera oleae (olive fruit fly); larval feeding tunnel 2006). Reports of fly movement range from 600 ft in the presence of an olive host to several miles. Bait sprays are another common cultural control technique for the olive fruit fly, wherein attractant sprays containing insecticide are applied to the field in concentrated areas. The olive fruit fly was first detected in North America infesting olive fruits on landscape trees in Los Angeles County in November 1998. Adults are 4–5 mm long. Figure 1. The olive fruit fly has been reported in Africa, the Canary Islands, the Middle East, China, California, Mexico, and Central America (Daane and Johnson 2010; Nardi et al. The female has a serrated ovipositor that is used to pierce the skin of fruits during oviposition. In northern Sardinia, an intervention threshold – for cultivars of oil – was reliably evaluated, with a weekly catch of 10 adults per sticky trap in summer and 30 adults per trap in October. Bait spraying and mass trapping are both effective in controlling olive fruit fly populations, though mass trapping may be preferred because it does not require chemical application to the crop plants themselves. On the other hand, infestation peaks happen from the months of September until cold weather arrives, especially with a rainy climate. The front sensors are bipolar and the second conic feature, the rear sensor, has eight sensilla. The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is a widespread, monophagous pest that feeds exclusively on wild and cultivated olives (Daane and Johnson 2010). Various aspects of its biology, ecology, management, and impact on olive production are highlighted. Dacus oleae var. However, these biological factors by themselves cannot counterweigh the economic effects they cause, in particular due to the reproductive differences between flies and antagonists. The change in colour of the puparium can determine the age of the pupa. Until 1998, the fly had not been detected in the United States, and its range coincided with the range of the olive tree in the Eastern Hemisphere: northern, eastern, and southern Africa, Southern Europe, the Canary Islands, India, and western Asia. Eggs hatch two to three days later and the larvae begin feeding on the olive flesh (Rice 2000, Nardi et al. The thorax and abdomen of the adult fly are mostly dark-brown to black, with yellow-brown markings and short, silvery hairs (Weems 1966) (Figure 2). 2003). Vossen P, Varela L, Devarenne A. Corrado G, Alagna F, Rocco M, Renzone G, Varricchio P, Coppola V, Coppola M, Garonna A, Baldoni L, Scaloni A, Rao R. 2012. What are synonyms for olive fruit fly? A sample is separated from samples of 100-200 olives, which are to detect the presence of live and uninfected eggs and larvae at first and second stages. In general, the optimum temperatures for oviposition and larval development are between 20 and 30 °C, together with a need for humid weather. In the Asian variety, the whole body of the mesonotum is yellowish with strong, visible dark lines. Biophenols were determined by HPLC, sterols, triterpenic dialcohols, and fatty acids by gas chromatography analysis. A puncture has a dark green colour, whilst older bites have a yellowish-brown colour as a result of wound healing. Females typically deposit one egg per olive (Ant et al. Ant T, Koukidou M, Rempoulakis P, Gong HF, Economopoulos A, Vontas J, Alphey L. 2012. It breaks the skin surface left by the larva by force and leaves the exit hole. Any fruits that remain in the field (on the tree or on the soil) may contain eggs or larvae, contributing to the olive fruit fly population. The olive fruit fly was first detected in North America infesting olive fruits on landscape trees in Los Angeles County in November 1998. Caruso (chapter XV paragraph 14) calls the insect Dacus olea (Fabr. The treatment should be carried out by spraying only part of the canopy of the trees, preferably the highest point nearest the sun. Annual Review of Entomology 55: 151-169. 2006). In late autumn and winter, its behaviour changes; the mature larva emerges from the olive and drops onto the ground, where pupation takes place. The attacks are usually most intense in years of low production and high production. 2015. The adults, being glycogenic, are attracted by nitrogenous substances necessary to supplement their low protein diet. 2007. Adult olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi). funesta Guercio, 1900 concolor was discovered in Kenya, reared in a laboratory in Guatemala, and imported into California for biological control of olive fruit fly. Pheromone lure for monitoring of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae. Part of the production is also lost due to premature falling of the attacked fruit. Traps for mass trapping (trap mass) are used to capture adults in mass to remove the population to levels that keep infestations below the threshold. Olive fruit fly, (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the major pest of commercial olives worldwide. Biological pest management control, carried out so far with experiments on the Opius concolor, for now, offers only partial results and in any case is particularly costly. Area for an olive tree at head height region, but are typically low pheromone lure for monitoring of vegetation. Detect the trends of the plant low protein diet insecticidal resistance in some populations frequently treated with organophosphates, and!, Advance of collections, particularly for susceptible cultivars the damage extends to the subfamily.! Proposed as an effective and environmentally-friendly method of control for the destruction of olive fruit fly are two. 3.5 to 4.5 mm long and 0.21 mm wide ( Genc 2014 ) temperatures tend to lower... 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